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Karel Niessen
Karel Frederik Niessen (1895, Velsen〔(Promotion data )〕 – 1967) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics and is known for the Pauli-Niessen model.
==Education==
Niessen began his studies in physics at the University of Utrecht in 1914. In 1922, he received his doctorate under L. S. Ornstein.〔 He was an assistant at the University from 1921 to 1928, except for his postdoctoral study and research at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld, 1925 to 1926 on a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship. He also spent 1928 to 1929 on a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.〔(Author Catalog: Niessen ) – American Philosophical Society〕
In 1922, Niessen’s doctoral thesis,〔Karel F. Niessen ''Zur Quantentheorie des Wasserstoffmolekülions'', doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht, Utrecht: I. Van Druten (1922) as cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 932.〕 as well as Wolfgang Pauli’s extended doctoral thesis,〔W. Pauli ''Über das Modell des Wasserstoffmolekülions'', ''Ann. D. Phys.'' 68 (4) 177-240 (1922). Extended doctoral dissertation; received 4 March 1922, published in issue No. 11 of 3 August 1922.〕 dealt with the hydrogen molecule ion in the Bohr-Sommerfeld framework. Their work is referred to as the Pauli-Niessen model.〔H. C. Urey ''The Structure of the Hydrogen Molecule Ion'', ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' 11 618-21 (1925). Johns Hopkins University. Read before the Academy April 27, 1925. (Urey ) – PNAS.〕 Their works helped to show the inadequacy of the old quantum mechanics, which gave physicists the impetus to explore new paths〔Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, pp. 850-851.〕 which led to the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics by Werner Heisenberg and Max Born in 1925 〔W. Heisenberg, ''Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen'', ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' 33 879-893, 1925 (received July 29, 1925). (translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, ''Sources of Quantum Mechanics'' (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1 (English title: ''Quantum-Theoretical Re-interpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations''). )〕〔M. Born and P. Jordan, ''Zur Quantenmechanik'', ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' 34 858-888, 1925 (received September 27, 1925). (translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, ''Sources of Quantum Mechanics'' (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1 )〕〔M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, ''Zur Quantenmechanik II'', ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' 35 557-615, 1925 (received November, 1925). (translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, ''Sources of Quantum Mechanics'' (Dover Publications, 1968) ISBN 0-486-61881-1 )〕 and the wave mechanics formulation by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926,〔Erwin Schrödinger ''(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (First Communication)'', ''Annalen der Physik'' 79 (4) 361-376, 1926. (translation in Gunter Ludwig ''Wave Mechanics'' 94-105 (Pergamon Press, 1968) ISBN 0-08-203204-1 )〕〔Erwin Schrödinger ''(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Second Communication)'', ''Annalen der Physik'' 79 (6) 489-527, 1926. (translation in Gunter Ludwig ''Wave Mechanics'' 106-126 (Pergamon Press, 1968) ISBN 0-08-203204-1 )〕〔Erwin Schrödinger ''(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Third Communication)'', ''Annalen der Physik'' 80 (13) 437-490, 1926.〕〔Erwin Schrödinger ''(From the German) Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem (Fourth Communication)'', ''Annalen der Physik'' 81 (18) 109-139, 1926. (translation in Gunter Ludwig ''Wave Mechanics'' 151-167 (Pergamon Press, 1968) ISBN 0-08-203204-1 )〕 which were shown to be equivalent.〔Erwin Schrödinger ''(From the German) On the Relationship of the Heisenberg-Born-Jordan Quantum Mechanics to Mine'', ''Annalen der Physik'' 79 (8) 734-756, 1926. (translation in Gunter Ludwig ''Wave Mechanics'' 127-150 (Pergamon Press, 1968) ISBN 0-08-203204-1 )〕
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